Organization of Study Time

Study and adjustment sk disturbeds INFO This section covers the chase imaginations and worldly An introduction to adjustment rules, including concept mapping, ? ow charts and mind maps planned revision timing practising examination technique. General field of study methods Organisation of study meter The examinations ar looming large. Suddenly you realise that you do need your ac kip down featherledges and experimental piece of attain from the last year or two. Are they in honor equal human body? Well It is worth with force that revision is just that. It shouldnt be the inaugural time that you withstand tried to get to grips with a subject.Organisation of study habits over a whole incline is a vital dismantle of being successful. This certainly way applicatory intimacys, such as reservation accredited that your nones argon intact and read able-bodied. But it alike includes making sure that you have soundless the compositions and connections as you have c over a number. zero endure be worse than trying to learn masses of material that you dont understand. The best preparation for an examination begins a wide time before it This spreads the load and lessens the tension as the examination approaches. trope 1 summarises motley aspects of preparing for examinations.The coursework arm emphasises not hardly the collection of good demeans directly from sort, but also the need to look at and drop material from pop outside. Reading reference material and taking reclaimable notes from it is a adroitness in itself. Table 1 outlines contrasting methods of reading and their purpose. The first three methods argon more appropriate to using books for reference. However, thither is an increase number of popular science books and magazines for which the last two methods be appropriate. In addition, in that respect is an increasing meter of reference material now available on CD-ROM and, most signifi nookytly, the internet.You shoul d find ways of using this material, as it provides a more interactive presentation of the material. The ability to nettle notes and topic summaries as you work by dint of a course is important, as they fecal matter consequently be use as a starting charge for revision. You should not think of practical work in chemical substance science as separate from opposite classwork. The ideas and detailed schooling from the practicals atomic number 18 important in reinforcing your catch of a topic. Indeed, a ill-tempered experiment may help you to think up and understand a crucial idea giving you a visual clue on which to hang the idea in your memory. Cambridge University crush IGCSE chemical substance science Study and revision skills 1 reading CD-ROM practical work classnotes COURSEWORK review cards summary sheets In influenceation how some(prenominal)? when? spider draws Or gan isin topic lists mind maps gn ote s O n rga g isin tim e c wholly back breaks REVISION SKILLS use a timetable u St sk ill key words and ideas s dy bi ha beat up to timetable or y ts M em suitable place timed reviews use summaries, spider diagrams and mind maps get word 1 Revision involves engage-up and the development of particular skills. alone or with a friend ime of twenty-four hour period Type of reading skimming s hindquartersning reflective reading detecting bias reading for pleasure Method flavor for the main topics looking for specific information reading c atomic number 18fully and thoughtfully, with attention to detail separating detail from opinion reading at own pace Purpose to deliver the goods an over either impression to find particular facts or conclusions to obtain a thorough understanding of a topic to form a intractable impression of a controversial area to gain a scent for a subject, and for enjoyment Table 1 Different methods of reading and their purpose.This book, and the consecutive materials, are aimed specific from for each one oney at students taking the Cambridge IGCSE chemistry course. This is a course and qualification with a very high international re pukeation. 2 Cambridge University closet IGCSE chemistry Study and revision skills INFO There is an excellent website for Cambridge IGCSE students, at www. cambridgestudents. org. uk/subjectpages/ alchemy/igcsechemistry Do take a good look at this website. You ordain ? nd copies of past coarse, model answers to past examinations, near simulations, and revision checklists based on the syllabus.The tips from examiners are there to help you do fountainhead in the exam and are certainly worth taking note of. The website is worth visiting regularly, as untried material and up-to-date papers are added to it. Getting started We have s attention it earlier, and it fuck be windy to repeat it, but it remains true all the aforementioned(prenominal) to make sure of a high grade in your final examinations you leave behind need to work hard throughout your cou rse. Here are some tips to help you make the best use of the time you perplex in on your work in chemistry. Make sure you have a copy of the IGCSE Chemistry syllabus.There is one provided on this CD which also gives you direction as to where in the book the antithetic topics are covered. It is important you know the course you are taking and the way in which you impart be assessed. IGCSE exams arent just about learning facts. You need to be able to understand your work and change state sufficiently confident in your understanding to answer querys about things you have never met before. You need to be able to transfer your knowledge in a particular area to an precedent that will be unfamiliar to you.The IGCSE examiners will be setting questions to tryout three sets of skills (they are known as Assessment Objectives). These are accomplishment A knowledge with understanding learning B handling information and solving problems Skill C experimental skills and investigations. About 50% of all the marks in the exam are for skill A, 30% for skill B and 20% for skill C. Skill A is about learning and understanding all the facts and concepts in the syllabus. These are covered in your textbook, and your instructor will make sure you have met them all in class as your course progresses.There are no crafty shortcuts, it is simply a case of getting your head down and working at these. Skill B is about using these facts and concepts and applying them to an unfamiliar context. Its important that you become confident in tackling questions that, at first sight, look completely new. The workbook will give you lots of practice at this. Trying past question papers will also help to test this skill, but there will still be unusual material that you will learn for the first time in the exam. The following model exam question is similar to the role of question found on an extended paper and will give you some idea of what to expect.Cathodic guard of steel objects is n ot mentioned in the syllabus whereas sacrificial protection is. Yet here you are asked to compare the two using your knowledge and understanding of electrolysis. Skill C is about practical skills. You should have plenty of opportunity to do experiments in a laboratory throughout your course. The workbook also has exercises that will help you to mend your skills at handling and interpreting data obtained from experiments, and designing experiments. But make sure you gain the most you merchantman from your practical sessions.Chapter 12 gives you slip away guidance about what is involved in the assessment of your practical work. Cambridge University sign up IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 3 Model Q Questions For relevant material, observe Chapter 9. Titanium is very resistant to corrosion. One of its uses is as an electrode in the cathodic protection of large steel structures from rusting. + power steel anele effectuate which is cathode si anode sea peeing contains H+(aq), OH(aq), Na+(aq), Cl (aq) a coif oxidation and decrement in terms of electron transfer.Oxidation is the loss of electrons reduction is the gain of electrons mite think up OIL RIG to help remember oxidation is loss reduction is gain 2 b The steel oil rig is the negative electrode (cathode) in this protective electrolytic arrangement. Name the torpedo formed at this electrode. Hydrogen HINT Discharge of H+ ions from the seawater. 1 c Name one of the two possible gases formed at the titanium anode. Oxygen (or chlorine) HINT Discharge of OH? ions or Cl? from the seawater. 1 d apologise why the oil rig does not rust.T oil rig legs are the cathode in the cell that is set up ( check over diagram)he and oxidation does not take place at the cathode (electrons are moving towards the cathode, not away from it). HINT See Chapter 4 oxidation takes place at the anode in electrolysis reduction takes place at the cathode. Do not confuse this with sacri? cial protection. 2 e another( prenominal) way of protecting steel from corrosion that involves using another surface is sacrificial protection. Give two differences in the midst of sacrificial protection and cathodic protection.Cathodic protection involves electrolysis and needs electricity it uses an inert electrode (here do of titanium). Sacrificial protection needs a more answerive metal this metal corrodes sort of of the steel. Sacrificial protection does not need electricity. f What is the name of the method of rust protection that uses zinc? Galvanisation 2 1 4 Cambridge University stir IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills Keeping up progress During the course you will be devoted work to do. Try to work steadily through all the necessary material throughout your course. It is really important that you clutch up with this.Dont set out to make life voiceless for yourself. Do make sure that you understand each piece of work you do. Research shows that we find it more than easier to learn and remember things if we understand them. If there is something you dont understand, make sure you do everything you burn to put this right straight away. Quite often working through a topic with a friend will help. Use your school subroutine library or the internet. Be careful of the internet, though, as many chemistry sites are written for other courses in divers(prenominal) countries. These can use different approaches and it is difficult to apply the explanations you see.Ask your teacher for a (short) list of reliable sites you can go to regularly. Strategies of study Your study sessions should use a variety of techniques to concern your understanding and learning of the material. Simply reading over your notes is not a particularly productive strategy. Try to summarise topics as you read, then constrict the summary down to a set of key words. Having learnt these, try to regenerate notes on the topic. Your learning and understanding can also be check over and developed by an swering questions from past examination papers. Keep the distance of time taken to answer questions in mind when testing yourself.There is no point in preparing over-elaborate answers to short questions. An important aspect of understanding a topic is to see the connections between the ideas involved. Establishing these links makes it so much easier to remember the details of a topic. Pictorial methods of linking ideas can be very serviceable for this. INFO The methods available include ?ow charts concept maps Venn diagrams mind maps. The importance of all these methods is that they force us to sort out the material into key ideas, and then to establish the links between them.It is useful to draw up the diagrams for yourself. Remember that your maps may well differ from other peoples. Comparing notes with others, or even drawing them up together as a crowd, can also be very useful. Sharing ideas and comparing maps helps you to think things through. As you use these methods, y ou will develop greater skill in drawing them up. Flow charts are linear in their approach and work down from a major idea by a series of subdivisions. They are useful for emphasising the different types of chemical substance, for example (see examples of charts in Chapters 2 and 3 in the textbook).Concept maps and mind maps are particularly useful for helping you to see the flow of ideas. In a concept map ( digit 2), the interlinking idea is written alongside the connecting arrow. Cambridge University excite IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 5 a combustion neutralisation precipitation synthesis redox are types of a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction can be written down as a word or symbol equation word n tio equa sym bo equa l tion example zinc + oxygen zinc oxide 2Zn + O2 2ZnO these are pieces this is a compound this means this means 2 atoms of zinc 1 molecule of oxygen is the crop that incontrovertible ions undergo at the cathode during is the gain of ELECTROLY SIS transferred during ELECTRONS is the loss of is the opposite process to is the process that negative ions undergo at the anode during process used to extract metals in the flash FURNACE REDUCTION oxidation-reduction OXIDATION is a special form of is the opposite process to is the removal of is the addition of COMBUSTION OXYGEN element removed from metal ores by carbon in Figure 2 a Spider diagrams, and b concept maps involve organising ideas and their connections. reactions in which substances react withVenn diagrams are useful for showing where different categories overlap. For example, the different ways in which we categorise reactions can result in overlaps. Figure 3 shows this. It also shows how the term redox reaction covers a wide range of reactions. 6 Cambridge University arouse IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills NEUTRALISATION acid + base/alkali salt + water ONLY PRECIPITATION forming an insoluble self-colored by a chemical reaction sodium thiosulfate + hydro chloric acid REDOX Synthesis Decomposition to elements Electrolysis Displacement Figure 3 A Venn diagram showing various types of reaction. sess you think of examples to ? ll each space? (One has been done for you. ) Figure 4 shows a mind map covering aspects of the nature of atoms and molecules. This particular map covers a wide range of ideas radiating from the central idea that matter is make up of very low-toned particles (atoms or molecules, depending on the substance being talked about). The interconnections of ideas are emphasised. Putting the map on paper helps you to sort out your ideas There are obviously overlaps between different topics. There are various pieces of mind-mapping software available (one was sed to construct Figure 4) and you can find these on the internet. However, it is important not to get over-involved in the processes of a particular IT package. In many ways the important thing about mind-mapping is that it can be practised quite casually, and freque ntly, simply on a piece of rough paper. Sketching different mind maps on different topics is a way of looking at the subject from different angles to aid the memory. The main point is the thinking that is done while constructing the map. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 7 escribes the states of matter and the movement of particles in these states the particles in matter are moving all the time ion init de f different substances contain different types of particles, e. g. atoms, ions or molecules Kinetic theory all matter is made up of very lower-ranking particles the high the temperature, the higher the average qualification of the particles Diffusion does not take place in solids heavier particles move more slowly than lighter particles at the same temperature much slower in liquids than gases often energy given out various types, e. g. synthesis and decomposition usually not easily reversibleATOMS AND MOLECULES new chemical substances formed Chemical reactions e. g. melting or dissolving Physical changes Daltons idea easily reversible, e. g. by cooling or evaporating no new chemical substances made Atomic theory atoms of different elements can meld to make the molecules of a compound a pure element contains only atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus atoms of an element are each given their own symbol atoms are the smallest particles that take part in a chemical reaction the atoms of the different elements differ in size of it Figure 4 A mind map on atoms and molecules. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills (isotopes) (nucleus) (nuclear reactions) (balanced equations) physical properties depend on how the atoms are linked together (atoms can be subdivided) everything is made from about degree centigrade elements, each made up of different atoms everything is made of invisibly small atoms, linked together in different patterns everything can be made from a few substances combined in different ways structures press out the same as the total mass of their parts the total amount of matter corset the same (by mass) during chemical changes mount of matter stays the same (by atom count) during chemical changes chemical combinations of substances have different properties palpable objects may be made of large numbers of very small invisible particles substances have physical properties magnifiers and microscopes often show that objects are made of smaller parts small parts can be put together in different ways to make different things water evaporates into the air all materials come from someplace and must go somewhere PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES COMMON ELEMENTS ATOMS ARE INVISIBLY SMALL CONSERVATION OF MATTERKEY Scientific ideas to a greater extent general notions Storylines Figure 5 The different storylines behind the maps branch into each other. Figure 5 shows how several storylines can be linked together. This type of diagram can help you see the over all pattern of a section of the course you are taking and begin to see the connections between ideas. The more connections, or associations, you can make between ideas, the more seeming you are to understand and remember them. When a particular part of a course, or a particular topic, is finished it can be useful to produce a diagrammatic summary.This helps reinforce the linked ideas while they are still fresh in your mind. The charts can provide a useful checklist when it comes to revision. The next three charts (Figure 6a,b,c) show how parts of a course can be summarised. Figure 6a summarises a great deal of the material covered in Chapters 2 and 3, and Figures 6b and 6c flow into each other and show how much of chemistry develops from a consideration of the Earths resources. This map of chemistry provides a context for your studies. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 9 a SOLIDS LIQUIDS blusterESCHEMISTRY SECTION ONE PARTICLES ATOMS MOLECULES I ONS ATOMIC STRUCTURE proton number Z mass number A PROTONS ELECTRONS ORBITS (2,8,8) PROTONS +NEUTRONS NEUTRONS = AZ p + 1 n o 1 e EQUATIONS and CALCULATIONS Balancing Mr from Ar + % Quantities from equations Solids and gases Formulae from % data Book FORMULAE 1 1840 CHEMICAL BONDS FORMING IONS Metals lose electrons Non-metals gain electrons GROUP 1 THE ALKALI METALS reception with Water Storage Variation down group Density m. p. IONIC COVALENT SHARING ELECTRONS GROUP 7 THE HALOGENS Reaction with iron Displacement Colour Variation down group m. . variety METALS Coloured compounds Catalysts High m. p. s NOBLE GASES No reactions Coloured lights METALS NON-METALS forcible PROPERTIES Malleable Conductors Strong High m. p. Shiny Alloys BURNING IN railway line and OXYGEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Brittle Poor conductors Low m. p. Dull reactivity OF METALS BASIC OXIDES red-hotIC OXIDES Figure 6 a, b, c Flow charts can show very clearly the links between different areas of chemistry and h elp provide an overall pattern to a course. 10 Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills b CHEMISTRY SECTION TWOALKALIS radical Oxides + Water CHEMICAL reactionS ACIDS Acidic Oxides + Water REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS crease NEUTRALISATION H + +OH H2O BONDS BREAK and FORM WATER ACID POTASSIUM SODIUM 14 pH WEAK WEAK squiffy pH STRONG NEW SUBSTANCES 8 6 1 rapid Rapid BANG ENERGY CHANGE CALCIUM Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry MAGNESIUM Quite Quick Rapid WATER pH7 SALT atomic number 13 ZINC SULFATE Sulfuric Acid CHLORIDE Hydrochloric Acid NITRATE azotic Acid Slow React with Steam Slow IRON decalescent Energy used and taken in EXOTHERMIC Energy produced and given out COPPER No Very Slow REVERSIBLE REACTIONS Can go both waysSILVER No GOLD No N2 + 3H2 2NH3 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS RATE(Speed) OF REACTION Reactions happen when particles collide. BUT they must collide hard enough. more collisions or harder collisions = hurrying reaction. More r eactive metals displace Less reactive metals from their compounds. Brobdingnagian DIFFERENCE = FAST REACTION TEMPERATURE ALL REACTIONS Higher Temp Faster Particles Harder Collisions Faster Reaction Faster Reaction More Collisions More Particles More Conc REACTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS REACTIONS WITH SOLIDS Small Pieces More Surface More Collisions Faster Reaction assimilation SURFACE AREACATALYST SOME REACTIONS Catalyst not used up. Less energy needed More collisions succeed Study and revision skills ENZYMES Special biologic Catalysts in Living things. 11 c 12 BAUXITE ROCK rancour HEMATITE REDUCTION MALACHITE BLAST FURNACE ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN OXIDE ALUMINIUM IRON spread out O2 STEEL CHEMISTRY SECTION THREE THE EARTH RAW MATERIALS N2 communicate O2 CO2 WATER H2O Photosynthesis Breathing IGNEOUS calcium hydrateSTONE HE AT Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry S U N SEDIMENTARY BLAST FURNACE + PURIFICATION BY ELECTROLYSIS Decay ering Erosion eat W turn Deposi an nta tio Tr C eme tion n PLANTS Cooling Heat Pressure COPPER ANIMALS Death MAGMA metamorphic M elti n g HALITE RockSalt NITRIC ACID LIME CEMENT GLASS SLAKED LIME CO2 O2 FOSSIL FUELS NITRATES IN SOIL NATURAL GAS AMMONIUM NITRATE N2 ELECTROLYSIS OF SOLUTION HABER mathematical operation AMMONIA NITRIC ACID FERTILISER COAL PETROLEUM snowfall HYDROGEN Fuel CHLORINE Water Treatment SODIUM hydroxide Soap. BLEACH FUEL +or ELECTRICITY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ALKENES GAS PETROL NAPHTHA KEROSINE DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL FUEL OIL BITUMEN go PLASTICSStudy and revision skills The polish words are important Chemistry can be said to have a language of its own. As for the other sciences, there are special terms that need to be understood and remembered an atom is not the same thing as an ion or a molecule. There are also some words that have a different slant on their meaning in chemistry. For example, state that ethanol is volatile does not mean that it is about to freak out, simply that it evaporates easi ly. Throughout the textbook, you will find words that have been highlighted in red bold type.It would be useful to make a note of these and make sure that you are clear about their meaning. A glossary of these important chemical terms is also provided at the end of the book. The same glossary is also provided on this CD. If your first language is not side of meat and possibly even if it is it would be useful to keep your own chemical vocabulary book to help you to learn and understand the terms used in this subject. This should help you to understand questions clearly and not get trussed up in confusing waffle in your answers. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 13